Austrian composer. He studied with Eusebius Mandyczewski in Vienna, where he was lecturer in music theory at the university from 1919 to 1929 . He directed the Mainz Musikhochschule until 1933 , then worked as a conductor in Vienna until the Anschluss, when he moved to Edinburgh as a university lecturer. There he remained, a well-loved teacher and presence in the city's musical life, also producing a large amount of choral, orchestral, and chamber music in a well-wrought conservative style. His books included several perceptive studies of composers, including Johannes Brahms (London, 1964 ), Franz Schubert (London, 1974 ), and Richard Wagner (London, 1976 ).